What Is The Meaning Of Internet of Things (IoT) On The Blockchain (IoT+Blockchain)?

What is  "IoT+Blockchain"?

Since 2010, IoT or the Internet of Things was being talked about as the next big thing in digital disruption. Then, along came Bitcoin, a "libertarian experiment", which introduced blockchain to the larger unsuspecting world. Now blockchain technology is also talked about as the next bigger thing. 

Naturally many people have thought hard about the effect of combining IoT with blockchain that is enabling some use cases for IoT applications on the blockchain.

IoT: A Distributed Network of Pervasive Objects

The first series of posts on this blog include a three part starter guide on IoT. To summarize, IoT is a distributed network of pervasive everyday objects which have a digital computing identity and IP address. Devices share and receive information via public or private cloud. IoT applications and data are centralized.By making use of localized wireless technologies and aggregation of data, millions of devices such as sensors can be used for IoT applications from wearables to smart homes, scaling up to smart grids and smart cities. 

Security Concerns are the biggest threat to the growth of IoT

The progress of IoT is hampered by two major challenges – security threats and lack of universal standards. Security and privacy are some of the biggest concerns with consumer data located on a centralized infrastructure.  Hacking or malicious attacks on embedded devices makes the possibility of large scale man made catastrophic attacks a possibility. 

Blockchain: A Decentralized, Disintermediated, Trustless Ledger

The blockchain on the other hand is a decentralized database and exists as many instances of the same version in a peer to peer network over the Internet. The best known blockchains Bitcoin and Ethereum are both public and use cryptography to authenticate and authorize transactions. 

Transactions are confirmed based on a consensus method which adds new blocks which are accepted by all participating nodes. Using the blockchain, trustless peer to peer transactions are possible without the need for a trusted third party which removes the dependency on a central provider or intermediary. 

The (public) blockchain is not only decentralized but it also enables disintermediation. 

Further as the blockchain grows as well as the peer to peer network, security issues such as hacking or malicious attacks to get control over the network reduce exponentially. The Bitcoin blockchain has never been hacked in seven years of operation. 

Blockchain Technology Needs to Improve Transaction Scalability by Several Orders of Magnitude

Blockchain security comes at the cost of transaction throughput. New transactions can be included at block confirmation times which in case of Ethereum is twelve seconds. Lowering the time for consensus can result, among other things, in many side chains, compromising the security of the blockchain. 

Use Cases

By combining smart devices (location/context aware) with the decentralized, disintermediated blockchain, a next level of smart contracts is possible which can enable machine to machine interaction, moreover in a secure model. 

Payments or exchange of value are the most critical smart contracts in the real world. Using IoT application on a blockchain can enable a smart contract that uses a payments use case to control a smart device or vice versa. IBM and Samsung’s proof of concept ADEPT, based on IoT and blockchain technology, had a washing machine make a detergent refill order transaction on the Ethereum blockchain. Slock.it on the other hand, have invented the smart lock which opens doors based on rental payment confirmation on Ethereum.

Another variation of the payments use case is to control access to smart vehicle based on owner identity (see our article on provenance). If the vehicle is rented or leased, access will be provided as per terms of the contract which can include time, add-on features and revert control on contract expiry.

The Roadmap for IoT on the Blockchain

IoT applications on the blockchain is relevant to some use cases, although the combined stack will not make sense in every situation. 

The blockchain addresses the security issue. One solution to scalability is private blockchains, which bring in the centralized authority (such as the Ripple Consensus Ledger which moves cross currency transactions in 5 seconds). Trusted intermediary is not a showstopper in many consumer and contract use cases (e.g. buying insurance on a rental). Another option is to bring in the peer to peer blockchain within the participating devices or local blockchain hubs such as the Ethereum Computer from Slock.it.

The eventual architecture is likely to be a hybrid of cloud based device management and peer to peer  smart contracts on the blockchain. 

Slock.it and The DAO

Slock.it's "The DAO" which is in the process of creation through a token stake presale for investors , can launch a new trustless sharing economy powered by digital locks operated through smart contracts on the blockchain. Image Source: Wikimedia Commons, Willh26 (Own Work), CC-BY SA4.0

Introduction

We recently covered the Digix DAO and pre-sale. In this month, another highly anticipated DAO creation via token sale is in progress. “The DAO” launched by Blockchain+IoT start-up Slock.it, has gone live on the Ethereum blockchain on April 30, 2016. 

Slated to run for 28 days with no cap on token, the sale has raised over 1 million ether or $10 million. “The DAO” which is getting created is a yet to be branded Decentralized Autonomous Organization that can be thought of as a decentralized VC to fund blockchain+IoT applications on the (Ethereum) blockchain.

Slock.it

Slock.it is a German “Blockchain+IoT” solutions start-up firm formed in Germany in 2015 by some of Ethereum project team members and IoT technology evangelists, Simon Jentzsch, Christoph Jentzsch and Stephan Tual.  

Slock stands for Smart,Safe and Secure lock, a physical object with digital identity which can be operated via a smart contract on an Ethereum blockchain. Slock.it has a potentially hugely disruptive smart contracts innovation on their hands. The concept of "slocks" can revolutionize the peer to peer sharing economy that has created intermediary tech unicorns such as Uber and AirBnB. 

At the London Ethereum DevCon in November 2015, the Slock.it team demonstrated a proof of concept of a “slock”. 

The solution illustrated a disintermediated rental contract use case by wirelessly opening a digital smart lock upon executing a payment transaction on Ethereum blockchain. The solution works by assigning a digital identity to the lock, a Decentralized app or dapp on mobile that opens the lock and checks for payment on the Ethereum blockchain. We will cover the details of Slock.it’s smart lock solution and their proposed Ethereum Computer offering in another post. 

By successfully combining IoT and Ethereum blockchain stack, Slock.it proved that a decentralized and trustless sharing economy can be made possible in the digital world, applicable to everything from Uber, AirBnB to renting wi-fi routers, unused spaces all through a secure digital covenant. 

DAO Re-visited

One of Ethereum’s early successes are using the concept of DAO as a crowdfunding channel. As we saw in the Digix DAO posts, a Decentralized Autonomous Organization can be created as a smart contract on the blockchain. 

A DAO creates a virtual decentralized business entity that is governed by its owners. DAO’s are not legal entity at present, as there is no legal or regulatory framework on treatment of DAO in the physical world. Ownership in a DAO is represented through DAO specific digital tokens which are like owner equity on the blockchain. 

Tokens represent voting rights which are in proportion to the owner’s stake (in tokens).  Tokens are purchased in exchange for ether. DAO’s are formed through presale of tokens to raise ether funds which are deployed similar to capital investments and operating expenses for the DAO projects. 

Owners use the token rights to vote on project ideas, investment proposals and participate in governance decisions such as hiring or firing management and execution teams. 

Token holders can earn return on investment in two ways. They can trade their tokens in exchange for ether or other cryptocurrencies or fiat or, earn agreed returns from the DAO earnings. 

Slock.it's DAO Framework

The Digix DAO was centered around development of the Digix gold backed asset exchange platform on Ethereum. 

Slock.it’s DAO  is a framework that has taken a completely disintermediated approach. In the words of Stephen Tual, co-founder of Slock.it, a DAO is a disruptive application to crowdfunding channels such as Kickstarter. The Slock.it team donated a complete DAO framework with source code and all, that anyone can use to build a DAO model for their business. From this framework, the Slock.it team has deployed “The DAO” . 

“The DAO” Construct

“The DAO” funds and token owners will form contractual relationships with any third party service provider that have proposals and smart contract applications for blockchain+IoT use cases. Thus ,“The DAO”, in context to the current pre-sale will work as a blockchain+IoT start-up incubator for the benefit of its members. 

Slock.it have submitted their proposal to be hired as contractor to build their blockchain+IoT offering which includes the Ethereum Computer.Another proposal is coming from a firm, Mobotiq for a solution that will enable fully autonomous self renting electric vehicles. 

In DigixDAO, the owners retained 15% ownership and the right to create their proposals. Special badge holders had the right to vet proposals. 

In “The DAO”, Slock.it has added an oversight layer to prevent a 51% malicious attack through curator roles – these are experts in their field (cryptocurrency, Ethereum, IoT technologies) who will perform the role of reviewing proposals and code and curating the contractor list for the benefit of the DAO. Curators can prevent any one actor from gaining control over all or majority of the DAO funds in interest of their proposal. Curators can also be hired or changed based on voting.

“The DAO” Creation

The Slock.it DAO is currently running from April to May 30, 2016. Under “The DAO” tokens for the DAO are available for public purchase on the Ethereum blockchain for a month’s time. 

Unlike Digix DAO, there is no cap on investment. Instead token presale costs will increase in tiered fashion. Investors in the first two weeks will receive 100 DAO tokens for 1 ether. This amount will go up linearly and eventually rise to 1.5 ether for 100 tokens in the last four days. 

Slock.it The DAO token sale progress on the website daohub.org

At the time of writing the DAO has raised, over 1.4 million ether or $13 million USD within 3 days of opening. Given the explosive potential if the technology takes off, many investors have taken an active interest in the DAO. 

Five Features of Smart Contracts on a Blockchain

 Bitcoin versus other Blockchain Projects

Towards the end of April, as bitcoins crossed the $450 mark, news articles started appearing focusing on Bitcoin’s seeming resilience despite all the negativity and the price of bitcoin having doubled from last year. 

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Despite so many initiatives coming up that claim to eventually sideline or displace Bitcoin altogether, that gloomy prognosis is still at least five years away. 

What could be the reason? For one, Bitcoin is a use case which was implemented using existing technology. Only two things can take down Bitcoin. One, a better Bitcoin application or two, a 51% attack. 

On the other hand, many blockchain projects are trying to create innovative technical designs while simultaneously looking for use cases that apply. This cart before horse approach is no doubt, where the future lies for enterprise solutions. However, it is both time consuming and expensive. 

In this article, we take a step back toward the underlying premise of Bitcoin and Ethereum applications, which is smart contracts, an idea which has its roots from some of earliest proponents of digital cash and Bit Gold such as Nick Szabo.

Cryptocurrency followers are familiar with the notion of smart contracts as explained through Nick Sbazo’s website, Satoshi Nakamoto’s white paper, articles on the Bitcoin wiki, as well as through Ethereum architecture. 

Long story short, a good blockchain use case should implement smart contracts. Otherwise you are better off with a highly redundant database locked away in a vault. 

What is a smart contract? These are the five features that one can consider as characteristics of a smart contract.

Note: In order to describe the concept, this article has taken several liberties with the definitions. Many terms are not strictly true to the dictionary definitions, but used in a more generic context without losing the meaning. 

1. Smart Contracts enable Peer to Peer Agreements

Contracts are made between two or more parties, who are both beneficiaries of the agreement. When two parties, or peers in this case, who are otherwise unknown to one another, enter into a contract, a third party enforces trust, dispute remediation or even intermediary services. 

For example, Uber, AirBnB or other sharing economy applications allow people to use services in a peer to peer model opening a vast supply of resources than conventional taxi or hotel industry can provide. Uber or AirBnB act as the trusted third party and also provide the platform to connect suppliers and consumers. A contract between two parties is made using the platform and payments are made to the service provider who charge the supplier. Thus Uber can drive pricing and control who can use the system.

In Satoshi Nakamoto’s introduction to Bitcoin on the P2P forum, the creator of Bitcoin has pointed out the disadvantage of a third party aka central authority. Centralized systems can shut down or be shut down leaving consumers and suppliers high and dry, many times causing them some loss as well. 

If Uber fails, consumers have to look for another platform provider. 

A smart contract uses the blockchain to allow two parties to make a contract automatically. Instead of using a third party to determine the pricing and participants for all, two parties can directly set-up and execute a contract with mutually agreed rules. 

For example, Alice and Bob who are unknown to one another can enter into a transaction for a precious asset say a diamond. Alice who owns the diamond can sell the diamond to a highest bidder, Bob in this case. Alice receives payment only when she delivers the diamond to Bob. If Bob does not receive the diamond after a specified interval of time, he receives an automatic refund. 

2. Smart Contracts Secure Rightful Ownership through Cryptography Technology Protocols

A smart contract allows two parties to define and enter into a custom contract. But a trusted third party provides one more function. It establishes who the rightful parties are and this knowledge is limited to the parties of the contract and the third party. 

In a smart contract, rightful ownership is established through security protocols such as cryptographic keys. Bitcoin and other blockchain applications use public private key cryptography to assign digital signatories to a contract. The public portion of the key establishes an identity and the private key is the signing authority. Public keys designate who the parties are and signing using a private key executes or enforces a contract. 

Trust is not limited to the ownership but also extends to the asset or contract object(ive). A smart contract can use cryptography protocols to establish unique and immutable digital identities to assets. 

For example, when Bob buys a diamond from Alice, he sends her digital money by signing the transaction with his private key. Alice has designated the diamond as an asset and she releases the asset by signing it with her private key. The money can now be transferred using Alice’s private key. In turn, the diamond’s ownership is assigned to Bob and only he can unlock it for future transactions such as a sale, a gift or heirloom. 

Three: Smart Contracts Enforce Contract Rules Automatically

A smart contract should include contract rules that can execute automatically. Most contracts involve an exchange (event) between two (or parties) subject to conditions which must be fulfilled (e.g. sufficient balance). These rules should be encoded within the contract. The objective being, of course, fulfilling the role of trust and enforcing rules more consistently, objectively and using escrow than escalation mechanisms. 

In the Alice and Bob example, there are four rules. The price at which Bob and Alice agree for the diamond. Alice should receive the money. Bob should receive the diamond. The transaction should be completed within a stipulated time. A smart contract application would enforce all these rules which would execute at a stipulated time and/or when an event such as payment receipt is triggered. 

Four: Smart Contract Transactions are Immutable

A smart contract once executed cannot be reversed through system rules, hacked or tampered with or violate agreed fulfillment rules. 

Smart contracts are immutable, in the sense that while some rules are changeable, the effects of a contract rule once executed, cannot be reversed or modified, without substantial (and meaningless) collateral damage. The blockchain makes transactions immutable to eliminate the “double spending” problem, another human problem that requires trusted third party. 

Alice can sell her diamond to Bob and then again to Carol, except that the blockchain (or a Merkle tree of transactions) will track her asset history and prevent her or another willing buyer to enter into another transaction unknown to Bob. If (and since) the blockchain is a distributed transaction ledger sitting on many different nodes or a peer to peer network,  timestamped (in real time or near real time), Alice’s transaction is buried under many other transactions and blocks. 

Five: Smart Contracts Enable Fungible Transactions

I think that the most important benefit of smart contracts is the technology allows for an immense scale of transactions from the infinitesimal to large scale. Transaction costs, market driven value and supply and demand, have always excluded micro-transactions or made customization very expensive. 

Like the sharing economy, smart contracts enable peer to peer transactions of smallest value possible. Bitcoins are fungible to 8 decimal places and can be used to make micro-payments and purchase of multi-million dollar luxury villas at the same transaction fee and speed. Smart contracts make allow pricing unit items such as blog article or Internet tipping, where a unit or contract token can break down into a million parts or more. 

Using a smart contract Alice can sell Bob a diamond, a used guitar or even rent a single room in her house, an idea that Slock.it, a smart contracts startup is pioneering on Ethereum.   

Summary

Smart contracts are the single most important use case that blockchain technology enables. Describing blockchains as a globally distributed database is looking at just one aspect. Applying smart contract features is one way to validate use cases for decentralized applications on a blockchain.

Ethereum Wallets: Featuring Mist And Other Options

As Ethereum gains traction, the demand for wallets, the means to store and transact ether, the cryptotoken for the Ethereum blockchain grows, almost on a daily basis. In this post, we profile wallets for ether.

Ethereum Wallet Uses

If you are new to the cryptocurrency world and the importance of wallets, do check this post in the Bitcoin series, explaining features and types of cryptocurrency wallets such as multi-sig, cold storage, desktop, mobile, hardware, hosted, paper wallets etc. 

Those who are familiar with Bitcoin wallets will find some similarities with the Ethereum wallet but also a slight learning curve on the user experience and concept of contracts. 

Bitcoin has a specific purpose, i.e. a digital cash payments network, wallets have a simple function, allow a user to send bitcoins from one address to another using their private keys.

Ethereum, on the other hand, is designed to run any type of smart contract application, as we covered in our post on the differences between Bitcoin and Ethereum. This means that other than storing ether, users/owners have to specify the type of contract which receives their ether, with a provision for some ether to be used as gas. 

The other question for those trading in ether is, how to move ether to and from an exchange to another cryptocurrency or fiat. There are different ways to achieve this in Ethereum.

Currently, most ether wallets come with some caveats, being in beta among one of them. Users have to verify that the wallet works with small amounts to begin with, and become familiar with the concept of gas fees which use up ether. Offline storage and backup are as important as any other crypto wallet. 

We start off the list with Mist, Ethereum’s native wallet which has established the design and terminology for ether wallets in general.

Mist 

Mist Platform

Like, Bitcoin, Ethereum also has a native support for a wallet. There are two variations geth, a command line option and Mist, a GUI desktop wallet.

Ethereum rolled out the Mist GUI wallet in beta form in October 2015, following the Frontier release. The Mist wallet has since upgraded from beta 6 to Wallet 0.7.2 (beta 16) and has ironed out several problems. A very helpful step-by-step (unofficial) guide is available on a blog by KLMoney which also sorts out some confusion between terms for wallet users.

Mist is available as a desktop download on different operating systems and installs with a full Ethereum node. 

Using Mist Wallet

Ethereum's Mist GUI desktop wallet

The wallet is used to create user (external) accounts and contract wallets. A user has to create an account to generate public address and private key and store their ether. Ethereum account is secured by the account password and the owner’s encrypted private key, both of which are required to access the ether stored in the account. 

It is critical to backup and secure the account password and keyfile generated by Mist.  

Another important requirement is to paste Ethereum’s 40 digit hexadecimal addresses rather than manually typing them – incorrect destination addresses means the ether is lost forever. The latest release of Mist uses checksum feature to flag potentially invalid addresses. 

In order to use the wallet for transactions on Ethereum, a contract wallet has to be created by the account, using some ether (or gas). A contract wallet differs from account in these respects.

One, sending or receiving ether from a contract wallet will require some gas (ether) to be spent as well. Second, contract wallets can be set-up as single owner or multi-sig wallets. Multi-sig wallets have features such as daily limits and multiple owner account keys for transactions. Multi-sig wallets can have one owner account as creator.

Mist also has some unique but useful features such as identicons which are visual icons generated for an account. 

Should one use an account or a contract wallet? 

Accounts are preferred for use cases whether ether is being traded like a currency such as between two accounts or with an exchange, as these transactions do not require gas. Note that an address will not appear on the Ethereum blockchain until there is some transaction made, i.e. gas spent.

When ether are used to execute smart contracts via decentralized apps on the blockchain, the sender is responsible for including the cost of transaction i.e. gas. Contract wallets are required for this purpose.

Exchange Integration

Mist also integrates with ShapeShift, the instant cryptocurrency converter which makes it possible to purchase ether for an account using bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies. Unlike bitcoins, crypto exchanges which trade ether do not have a hosted/online wallets for ether. Kraken and Poloniex have hosted Ethereum presale wallets that owners can import into their accounts using the Mist wallet. 

While Ethereum continues to upgrade Mist wallet with future versions including light nodes and cross platform options, third party developers are rolling out ether wallets to fill the gaps.

Client side Wallets for Ethereum

For end users who not want/need to download a full node and the familiar experience of a “bitcoin like” wallet, there a few options from other developers. Built as client side Javascript or browser extensions, these wallets allow users to transact in ether by creating the password and generating the private key. Bulk creation, import from exchanges and sending to a contract wallet are all supported. Import into Mist/geth is also supported.

Client side wallets are not web wallets or light clients, the generated wallet has to be download in JSON format to a user computer. Users are responsible storage, backup and/or maintaining a paper wallet. A QR code version is also provided in some wallets. 

Some commonly used client side wallets include MyEthereumWallet which is an open source Javascript ether wallet, Kryptokit’s Ethereum wallet and EthAddress, a paper wallet generator . 

MyEtherWallet a client side Javascript wallet generator

Ethaddress, a paper wallet generator

In February this year, Kryptokit has also recently released JAXX, a cross-platform wallet application that supports both bitcoins and ether. 

Multi-sig Web Wallet: Ether.li

Mist or other client side options still require a local computer or device for storage. Although web or hosted wallets are not the best sources for long term storage, they are a convenient option to quickly access accounts or move ether online. 

In March 2016, developers at BitGo, a Bitcoin start-up released Ether.li,  a multi-sig web wallet with SMS two-factor authentication for ether storage. Ether.li deploys a multi-sig smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain creating a 3 account wallet (ether.li being a co-signer that authorizes the user) with 2 accounts (the creator/owner’s) needed to sign off transactions. The wallet is still listed as a proof of concept, but it has the distinction of being the first web wallet for ether.

Ethereum Wallet Dapps

A number of additional options listed on the Ether Dapps list include EtherWall which is an open source wallet that works with geth, the command line wallet interface. Consensys have released IceBox, a cold storage wallet on Lightwallet, a client side Javascript wallet, also developed by them. 

Hardware Wallets: Coming in 2016

At the time of writing hardware wallets for ether are still not available in the market,  but solutions are expected later in 2016. In April, Bitcoin hardware wallet maker Ledger showcased the developer edition of Ledger Blue, their upcoming hardware wallet that can run PGP and an Ethereum wallet. Digix made an announcement in January that they were developing a hardware wallet to be called Troth. 

2016 and beyond: Future Developments on Ethereum Wallets 

Ethereum Foundation continues to work on the roadmap for the Ethereum platform. Future releases and third party solutions should see more capabilities added to wallets and application interfaces such as cross platform support, lightweight wallets,  exchanges with other crypto-tokens and added ease of use to move ether between different smart contracts.

DigixDAO: Understanding the DigixDAO platform and the first on chain crowdsale on Ethereum

"Gold is Old" but Digix Global's platforms and approach to tokenize physical gold into fungible tokens represent early innovation on the Ethereum blockchain. DigixDAO can start a virtuous cycle to accelerate a digital gold ecosystem on Ethereum.

Introduction

In our preceding article, we covered Digix Global, creators of the gold backed smart asset platform DigixCore which was launched on Ethereum in January 2016. Following the alpha release, Digix Global has now launched the DigixDAO on Ethereum. DigixDAO is a crowd sourced funding channel and rewards program for further developments of DigixCore and its ecosystem. 

In this post, we will cover the salient features of DigixDAO and participation crowdsale. Originally scheduled to run for two weeks from March 30 with to raise a maximum of $5.5 million USD in exchange for DigixDAO tokens, the crowdsale reached its target within 12 hours. The required sum was raised between 675 unique purchasers, with many others still waiting to get in. 

Ironically, in early interviews in February, Digix Global CEO and co-founder, KC Chng had modest expectations of this first DAO crowdsale on Ethereum, with a refund plan if the sale raised fewer than $500,000.

What is the Digix DAO

The DigixDAO is a smart contracts application that implements a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) on the Ethereum blockchain. 

The objective of the DAO is to get public participation to spur development of DigixCore roadmap and a collective ecosystem.

The DigixDAO membership/ownership is designated through digital tokens denoted as DGD. The DigixDAO has released an initial supply 2000,000 tokens, each token divisible upto 9 decimal places. 

The initial release of 2,000,0000 DGD tokens will be distributed between members of public (85%) and Digix Developers (15%). Token ownership give holders voting rights, in some cases in proportion to their holding. All raised funds are maintained in Ether at a public Ethereum address.

Token holders receive rewards/return on investment in the form of a share of transaction fees in DGX (0.13% capped at 1 gm) collected from asset transactions on the Digix platform. Rewards are also promised for user referrals on the DigixCore platform and ecosystem.

All token holders receive rights to pledge for projects in proportion to their holdings. Token holders can pledge their preferences around different development projects. Funds will be allocated by project to prioritize and accelerate development of Digix Core a platform ecosystem around Digix such as wallets, exchange APIs, addition of blockchain partners and so on. Additional privileges are tokenized through badges such as founder and proposer. The former can submit proposals directly or for vetting, vet and pledge proposals. The latter is not allowed to submit proposals directly.

Like the Proof of Asset certificate for gold assets on the DGX platform, a project proposal with budget and timelines is maintained on Inter Planetary File System, IPFS. Members pledge for or reject proposals and accepted proposals (with 51% majority) get approved. Approved projects are allocated funds from a multi-sig DAO wallets which holds the raised ether. 

Participant Rewards 

DGD tokens represent ownership in the DigixDAO. Tokens can be traded using an Ethereum wallet.

Token golders receive quarterly rewards in the form of DGX tokens, the gold backed token representing 1 gm of physical gold, generated on the smart asset core platform. Fees are divided by the total number of DAO tokens (2000,000) and distributed to individual holders as pro-rated reward benefits in DGX.

To recap, a DGD token holder whose funds are denominated in ETH, will receive DGX tokens on a daily basis in their wallet. The DGX token value is tagged to the value of 1 gm of physical gold and divisible upto 4 places. 

Return on Investment and Risks

DigixDAO’s rewards model once understood is quite an attractive proposition. A one time investment in ether will provide perpetual return in the form of gold backed DGX tokens in proportion to the growth of the platform. The actual return on investment is subject to many market variables such as ether price, gold prices and transaction volume.

Digix has cited eGold, the first digital gold backed currency in the early Internet ecommerce era, which rose  to a $2 billion annual transaction volume at its peak. 

In a scenario described in DigixDAO’s whitepaper, a USD 2 million DGX transaction daily volume, which nets a 10,000 DGD token holder 125.3772 DGX (or 125 gms physical gold) in the course of a year. Other scenarios and related risks have been discussed in various forums. For example, this calculation/explanation below on reddit by Digix Global’s CEO. 

How DigixDAO nets returns in DGX: A discusssion thread on reddit.

If DigixCore ecosystem takes off likewise and DGX tokens become the gold backed currency for other decentralized apps on Ethereum, token holders stand to have a potential "gold mine" on their hands.

The greatest risk where the crowdsale investment borders on speculation, is that it is a yet to be proved model on an as the emerging Ethereum platform. Other risks include any future regulation around DAO as investment/ownership vehicles and tax treatment of rewards. These risks are  not limited to DigixDAO alone and are applicable to the emerging world of cryptocurrency and blockchain applications as in the case of Bitcoin.

Digix DAO Crowdsale

After the go live of the alpha version of Digix Core in January, Digix made a formal announcement in March on the first Digix DAO Crowdsale.

The DigixDAO crowdsale public contract address and purchase transactions on the Etherium blockchain

This was the first crowdsale built and executed entirely on chain. Investors sent in Ether using their Ethereum wallets to a public contract address on Ethereum blockchain. Payments were also accepted in BTC, altcoins and fiat currency through integration using ShapeShift API. The target $5.5 million was raised within twelve hours. 

The Digix crowdsale stats are available on the DAO sale website and crowdsale transactions can be viewed on the Ethereum blockchain. 

What’s Next for DigixDAO

Post the crowdsale Digix Global have started several public communications such as this latest update and have opened a public Slack channel as well.  DGX tokens will be distributed and open for trading on April 28, 2016 on decentralized cryptocurrency exchange OpenLedger. Post distribution, token holders will be able to pledge approval for priority projects and new proposals. 

Summary

The DigixDAO’s purpose and incentive mechanism can start a virtuous cycle for creating a strong payments ecosystem on DigixCore with the same disruptive potential of Bitcoin. Even though the DAO is a yet to be tested model on an emerging platform, the business idea behind Digix Core is sound and as old as gold.